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Following is a list of proton rich fluids I have looked at. I
strongly urge that you
double check my figures if you decide to try any of them. The
number in brackets { } is MY
rating system and any relationship to a scientific rating system is
purely coincidental.
Input on ANYTHING related to this list would be GREATLY appreciated.
Do not pay too much
attention to any prices shown because in most cases they are the
best laboratory grade that
is available. For example laboratory grade Kerosene is like US$30 -
35 per gallon and just plain
old Kerosene must be US$2.00 or less for a gallon. In many (not
all) a grade less than laboratory
grade will probably do fine.
Amyl Alcohol (Pentyl Alcohol) {4.99}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)3 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 88.1492
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 815
Chi:H2 O: .998
Flash: 32 C (89 F)
Melt: -79 C (-110 F)
Boil: 101 C (213 F)
Auto-Ig: 300 C (572 F)
Cost: $220.40 for 4 liters.
CAS#: 71-41-0
Stable: Yes
A colorless liquid used as an artificial flavoring. Anything in the
Amyl Alcohol family is
flammable, produces toxic gas and is hygroscopic. Said to be
slightly soluble in water ac-
cepting 1 - 5 g/100ml at 17 C. It is soluble in alcohol, ether,
benzene, chloroform, glyc-
erol and oil. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel a
considerable distance to a
source of ignition and flash back to origin. It can be used with:
glass, PVC (Type 1),
Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or neoprene. It should NOT be used
with tygon, polyethylene,
viton, silicone or santoprene.
Benzene {1.212}
Formula: C6 H6
Mol. Wt.: 78.11
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 876.5
Chi:H2 O: .606
Flash: -11 C (12 F)
Melt: 5.5 C (42 F)
Boil: 80.1 C (176 F)
Auto-Ig: 497 C (928 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 71-43-2
Stable:
Vis: .65 x 10 -three
Benzene is colorless, flammable and toxic. Use only with Teflon,
nylon, urethane or viton.
It performs poorly with LDPE, polycarbonates, PVC and polystyrene.
Benzyl Alcohol Chi .690
1-Butanol (Butyl Alcohol/n-Butanol) {4.915}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)2 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 74.12
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 810
Chi:H2 O: .983
Flash: 35 C (95 F)
Melt: -89 C (-128 F)
Boil: 117.6 C (243 F)
Auto-Ig: 343 C (649 F)
Cost: $45.00 per Liter.
CAS#: 35296-72-1
A clear, colorless solution with a strong characteristic alcoholic
odor. Class 3 severely
flammable rating. Vapors can flow along surfaces to a distant
ignition source and flash
back. Sensitive to static discharge. Store in a cool, dry, well
ventilated location, away
from any area where fire hazard may be acute. Stable under ordinary
conditions of use and
storage. When released into the soil the material is expected to be
readily biodegradable
but this material is expected to leach into groundwater. Can be
used with LDPE, HDPE, PP,
polycarbonate and polystyrene.
1-Butanol (Tertiary Butanol has similar characteristics.)
2-Butanol (Sec Butyl Alcohol) C4 H10 O has similar characteristics
but melts at -115 C
and boils at 99.5 C. The various butanols can be used with glass or
Teflon.
Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin/Dekalin) {6.3}
Formula: C10 H18
Mol. Wt.: 138.25
#H Atoms: 18
Density: 896
Chi:H2 O: 1.05
Flash: 57 C (137 F)
Melt: -31 C (-22 F)
Boil: 187 C (368 F)
Auto-Ig: 250 C (482 F)
Cost: $124.50 for 2.5 Liters.
CAS#: 91-17-8
Clear to colorless, combustible liquid that is hygroscopic and which
has a mild hydrocarbon
odor. Insoluble in water. Stable under normal temperatures and
pressures but sensitive to
air. Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents. Heat and light,
particularly direct
sunlight, could cause it to form explosive peroxides. Addition of
water or other appropri-
ate reducing materials will lessen peroxide formation. Class 3
hazardous material which is
volatile on contact with steam. Store under nitrogen and do not
pressurize. Very soluble
in acetone, alcohol, benzene, esters and most ketones. Miscible
with propyl and isopropyl
alcohols.
Decane (n-Decane; decyl hydride; alkane C10) {5.08}
Formula: C10 H22
Mol. Wt.: 142.2838
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 730
Chi:H2 O: 1.016
Flash: 46 C (114 F)
Melt: -29.7 C (-21 F)
Boil: 174.1 C (345 F)
Auto-Ig: 210 C (410 F)
Cost: I believe prohibitively expensive.
CAS#: 124-18-5
A clear colorless, hydrophobic liquid. Can be used with PVC but
possibly there are other
materials that are also usable.
Decanol (Decyl Alcohol) {5.16}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)8 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 158.29
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 825 Check as some show range of 829 - 831
Chi:H2 O: 1.032
Flash: 82 C (180 F)
Melt: 6 C (43 F)
Boil: 230 C (446 F)
Auto-Ig: 288 C (550 F)
Cost: $38.40 for 500 mL.
CAS#: 112-30-1
Colorless to light yellow, hydrophobic, viscous, refractive liquid
with odor of oranges.
Insoluble in water and readily biodegradable. Stable under ordinary
conditions of use and
storage. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, inorganic
acids, aledhydes, monomers
and polymerizable esters, alkylene oxides, halogens and acid
anhydrides. Class 2 flammable
substance. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away
from any area where fire
hazard may be acute.
2-Decanol {3.096}
Formula: C10 H22 O
Mol. Wt.: 158.28
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 825
Chi:H2 O: 1.032
Flash: 85 C (185 F)
Melt: -5 C (23 F)
Boil: 211 C (411 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Probably VERY expensive.
CAS#: 1120-06-5
Clear, colorless, combustible liquid. Stable under normal
temperatures and pressures.
2-Decanol is one of the alcohols which is least soluble in water as
the long alkyl chain
(10 Carbons) would actually repel the single -OH group of the water.
Probably can hydrogen
bond with other alcohol molecules.
Decene (1-Decene) {4.75}
Formula: C10 H20
Mol. Wt.: 140.268
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 741
Chi:H2 O: .950
Flash: 47 C (116 F)
Melt: -66 C (-86 F)
Boil: 166 C (330 F)
Auto-Ig: 235 C ( 455 F)
Cost: 35.50 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 872-05-09
Stable: Yes
Colorless, flammable, hydrophobic liquid.
Diacetone Alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanone) Chi .874
Diesel Fuels and bunkering fuels contain hydrocarbons with higher
numbers of carbon atoms
and higher boiling points. Can be used with viton.
Diethylene Glycol Chi
3,3-Diethylpentane {4.232}
Formula: C9 H20
Mol. Wt.: 128.257
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 754
Chi:H2 O: 1.058
Flash:
Melt: -33 C (-27 F)
Boil: 146 C (294 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Probably very expensive.
CAS#: 1067-20-5
Stable: But probably forms dangerous peroxides if exposed to air
for too long a time.
Dipropylene Glycol (Oxybispropanol) {2.87}
Formula: C6 H14 O3
Mol. Wt.: 134.1748
#H Atoms: 14
Density: 1020
Chi:H2 O: .957
Flash: 138 C (280 F)
Melt: -40 C (-40 F)
Boil: 229 C (442 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Might be expensive.
1-Dodecene {5.832}
Formula: C12 H24
Mol. Wt.: 168.3216
#H Atoms: 24
Density: 758
Chi:H2 O: .972
Flash: 77 C (170 F)
Melt: -35 C (-25 F)
Boil: 213 C (415 F)
Auto-Ig: 255 C (491 F)
Cost: $45.10 for 500 ml.
CAS#:112-41-4
Stable: Yes
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) {2.775}
Formula: CH3 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 46.07
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 789.3
Chi:H2 O: .925
Flash: 12 C (55 F)
Melt: -114 C (-173 F)
Boil: 78.5 C (173 F)
Auto-Ig: 362 C (685 F)
Cost: $84.20 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 64-17-5
Stable:
Vis: 1.20 x 10 -3
A volatile, flammable, colorless liquid having a pleasant odor and
miscible in water and
many organic solvents. Can be used with Mylar, LDPE, HDPE, PP,
polymethylpentene,
polycarbonate, PVC and polystyrene.
Ethylene Glycol {4.85}
Formula: HO CH2 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 62.07
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 1115.0
Chi:H2 O: .970
Flash: 111 C (242 F)
Melt: -13 C (8.6 F)
Boil: 195 C (383 F)
Auto-Ig: 398 C (748 F)
Cost: $103.50 for 3 Liters.
CAS#: 107-21-1
Stable: Yes
Hydrophilic liquid which is miscible in water. Can used with epoxy
or PP. May form explo-
sive peroxides if exposed to air for extended periods.
EZ-1000 Compressor Lubricant
Formula: C10n H20n +2
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms: 20?
Density: .79 to .85
Chi:H2 O: 1.001 GUESS GUESS
Flash: 325 - 550 F
Melt:
Boil: >300 F
Auto-Ig:
Cost: $37.55 per gallon.
From Undersea Breathing Systems, 3599 23rd. Avenue S, Lake Worth, FL
33461
(http://www.dnax.com). This is a Polyalphaolefin (Hydrocracked
Hydrocarbon) of the syn-
thetic petroleum hydrocarbon family. It is a clear liquid with a
light yellow to light
brown tint and is non-hazardous. It is stable, insoluble in water,
and has unlimited shelf
life if in original container. It is the only compressor fluid that
meets FDA guidelines
for food grade additives.
Fuel Oil #2
Flash point varies from 126 degrees F to 204 degrees F. Auto
ignition temperature is 494
F. A light brown combustible, straight run or cracked petroleum
distillate consisting
mostly of C9 to C23 range hydrocarbons. Fuel oil is neither
volatile nor likely to form
emissions and is relatively non-persistant in the environment.
Stable. Can be used with
PP, polycarbonate or PVC.
Gasoline provides a lower signal and longer delay. Other than the
fire hazard it also
eats the insulation on the copper windings. Gasolines are mixtures
of hydrocarbons with 4
to 12 carbon atoms and have boiling points between 30 and 210
degrees Celsius. It can be
used with epoxy, Teflon, nylon, urethane or viton.
Glycerine (Glycerol) {3.944}
Formula: CH2 OH CH OH CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 92.09
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1261.0
Chi:H2 O: .986
Flash: 160 C (320 F)
Melt: 17.8 C (64 F)
Boil: 290 C (554 F)
Cost:
CAS#:
Auto-Ig: 370 C (698 F)
Stable: Yes
Vis: 1490 x 10 -three
A colorless, odorless, sweet tasting, syrupy liquid which is
hygroscopic. Can be used with
PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene, polycarbonate, polystyrene,
Teflon, nylon, polypro-
pylene, viton, neoprene or santoprene.
Heptane 98% minimum {4.915}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)5 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 100.21
#H Atoms: 16
Density: 684.0
Chi:H2 O: .983
Flash: -4 C (25 F)
Melt: -90.6 C (-131 F)
Boil: 90 C (194 F)
Auto-Ig: 222 C (433 F)
Cost: $36.40 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 142-82-5
Stable:
Can be used with glass, PVC(Type 1), Teflon, polycarbonate, nylon,
or viton.
n-Hexanol {6.024}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)5 OH
Mol. Wt.: 102.76
#H Atoms: 14
Density: 819
Chi:H2 O: 1.004
Flash: 60 C (140 F)
Melt: -52 C (-61 F)
Boil: 156 C (312 F)
Auto-Ig: 292 C (559 F)
Cost: $46.79 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 111-27-3
Colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water.
Iso-Butyl Alcohol (2-Methyl-1-Propanol) {2.92}
Formula: (CH3)2 CHCH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 74.12
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 802.0
Chi:H2 O: .973
Flash: 28 C (82 F)
Melt: -108 C (-162 F)
Boil: 108 C (226 F)
Auto-Ig: 415 C (779 F)
Cost: $38.00 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 78-83-1
Stable: Yes
Can be used with LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene, polycarbonate,
or PVC.
IsoAmyl Alcohol (Isopentyl Alcohol) {4.955}
Formula: C5 H12 O
Mol. Wt.: 88.1492
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 809
Chi:H2 O: .991
Flash: 43 C (109 F)
Melt: - 117 C (-178 F)
Boil: 130 C (266 F)
Cost: 55.00 for 500 mL.
CAS#: 123-51-3
Auto-Ig: 350 C (662 F)
Stable: Yes
A colorless liquid with an alcoholic odor which causes coughing,
used for artificial fla-
voring A form of Pentanol. Soluble in water.
Isopropanol (2-Propanol/Isopropyl Alcohol) {2.82}
Formula: CH3 CH OH CH3
Mol. Wt.: 60.10
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 785.0
Chi:H2 O: .940
Flash: 12 C (54 F)
Melt: -88.5 C (-126 F)
Boil: 82.4 C (180 F)
Auto-Ig: 399 C (750 F)
Cost: $47.00 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 67-63-0
A colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor, which is
miscible in water, ether and
alcohol. Can be used with epoxy, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene,
polycarbonate, PVC or
polystyrene.
Jet Fuel can be used with glass, PVC, Teflon, nylon, urethane or
viton. JP-A, JP-A1 and
JP-8 have flash points of 100 - 129 F and are Class II flammable
liquids and can be used in
place of kerosene in heaters, etc. JP-4 has a flash point of less
than 29 F and is a Class
I flammable liquid. Kerosenes used in jet fuel contain hydrocarbons
with 10 to 16 carbon
atoms and have boiling points between 150 and 240 degrees Celsius.
Kerosene (#1 Fuel Oil) {5.0}
Formula: C9 - C19 H?
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density: 800
Chi:H2 O: 1.001 - 1.031?
Flash: 38 C (100 F)
Melt:
Boil: 175 C (347 F)
Auto-Ig: 210 C (410 F)
Cost: $36.00 for 1 gallon.
CAS#: 8008-20-6
Stable: Yes
A straight run petroleum distillate liquid having a characteristic
odor, miscible in petro-
leum solvents and immiscible in water. Oily, stable, and
combustible with pale yellow to
water white color. Kerosene provides a higher signal, but a quicker
decay time. Density
810.0. Depending on manufacturer, flash points range from 100 F (38
C to 160 F (71 C).
Can be used with glass, PVC, polycarbonate, Teflon, nylon urethane
or viton. In the old
encyclopedia at work it shows a flash point of 150 C but this may be
for "paraffin oil"
which is considered by some to be kerosene and additionally is the
name used for Kerosene
in the UK. The general formula for Kerosene is Cn H2n +1 where "n"
usually ranges from 12
to 16.
"...but the typical 'n' value for Cn H2n is 14 for kerosene, so the
general formula is C14
H28. Some kerosenes contain more alkane, so the average MW formula
is C14 H29 since it is
a mixture of C14 H28 and C14 H30."
Therefore we have the following possible calculations for Chi in
relation to H2 O.
1. C14 H28 with a molecular weight of 196.372 and an assumed
density of 780: Chi = 1.001.
2. C14 H29 with a molecular weight of 197.380 and an assumed
density of 780: Chi = 1.031.
3. C14 H30 with a molecular weight of 198.388 and a density of 763:
Chi = 1.038.
***
Alpha 100% 90% .78 160 F 70829 8008-20-6
Fisher 100% .826 350 F 8012-95-1
Farmland >95% 0.8 125 F 6G072 8008-20-6
Priestly 94% 160 F 450 91-20-3
Spectrum 99% 0.8 100 F 410 F 63415 8008-20-6
Priestly product is principally naphthalene (SARA III)
Fisher Product is mineral oil and is soluble in benzene, ether,
chloroform, carbon
disulfide, petroleum ether and oils. It is insoluble in alcohols
and presumably insoluble
in water. This can be used to reduce the flash point of Kerosene
maybe.
Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) {2.67}
Formula: CH3 OH
Mol. Wt.: 32.04
#H Atoms: 4
Density: 791.4
Chi:H2 O: .890
Flash: 11 C (52 F)
Melt: -98 C (-144 F)
Boil: 64.1 C (147 F)
Auto-Ig: 463 C (867 F)
Cost: $42.00 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 67-56-1
Stable: Yes
A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid having a slight alcohol
odor when pure. Miscible
in water, ethanol, ketones and most other organic solvents. Can be
used with glass, LDPE,
HDPE, polymethylpentene, PVC, polystyrene, Teflon, nylon,
polypropylene, urethane, or neo-
prene.
Meth/Water was selected by one knowledgeable researcher. It
consists of distilled water
and 20% methyl Alcohol along with ferric nitrate in the amount of 10
to the -17 gm mols per
liter. This solution is four times faster than pure methyl alcohol.
(See Posting # 88.)
Is it possible that the ferric nitrate has the purpose of keeping
down on the acquisition
of more oxygen molecules. Can be used with urethane.
Mobil 1. Majority of compound is polyalphaolefin (PAO). I am
guessing that maybe close to
C10H20 for the polyalphaolefin. Problem is that any motor oil will
contain 1--20% addi-
tives which may cause problems. All oils will contain Ca, Mg, Zn,
S, P, N, Cl, O and may
contain Mo, Na, or even Ba. Most of the alkaline metals are in the
formulation as sus-
pended carbonates which might also present a problem.
Prod# S.G. PoursF CranksF FlashF Visc.
0W-30 48116-8 .860 -54 -30 238 176
5W-30 48111-9 .862 -54 -25 235 162
10W30 47117-6 .866 -54 -20 243 147
15W-50 48120-0 .875 -48 -15 245 160
Mobil 1 SEEMS to have about 80% of PAOs. Generally all synthetic
motor oils are composed
of four basic components; 1. PAO base oil 2. ester 3. VII to produce
multi grades 4. addi-
tives. PAO is a tetramer of decene molecules which is then
hydrogenated. Basically, it is
composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen and therefore has the
greatest proportion of hy-
drogen atoms. PAOs are manufactured according to their viscosity at
100 Celsius. PAO-4 is
a relatively thin oil like a 5W-30 but DOES have a flash point well
above 200 F. Esters
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and contain a lower proportion
of hydrogen. Mobil
uses a higher proportion of PAO, where some others like Amsoil tend
to formulate with a
higher level of ester. Lubricating oil is a medium weight material
that flows easily and
is easily dispersed if treated promptly. This oil has a low
volatility and moderate flash
point, but is fairly persistent in the environment. Can be used
with urethane.
Naphta is used by Amherst College Geology Department in their
Geonics magnetometer.
Nonane {4.04}
Formula: C9 H20
Mol. Wt.: 128.257
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 721
Chi:H2 O: 1.012
Flash: 31 C (87 F)
Melt: -53 C (-63 F)
Boil: 150.8 C (303 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Prohibitively expensive.
CAS#: 111-84-2
Stable:
Colorless, flammable liquid.
Octyl Alcohol (1-Octanol) {6.162}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)6 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 130.2296
#H Atoms: 18
Density: 826
Chi:H2 O: 1.027
Flash: 81 C (176 F)
Melt: -15 C (0 F)
Boil: 195 C (385 F)
Auto-Ig: 272 C (523 F)
Cost: $35.50 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 111-87-5
Stable: Yes
2,2'-Oxybisenthanol (Diethylene Glycol) Chi .948
Oxygen. Free oxygen in solution is paramagnetic; free nitrogen is
not. When filling the
bottle before encapsulation, dissolved oxygen may be driven off by
bubbling pure nitrogen
through it for 20 minutes or by boiling it. At this point in time I
see the basic solution
as keeping oxygen out of the liquid and having a liquid which repels
oxygen. I am also
considering (but I don't know how) pressurizing the container of the
proton rich fluid.
PAO-4 (Polyalphaoleofin-4)
Formula:
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash:
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
These "Durasyn" products MIGHT be the base stocks used for Mobil 1
but without the objec-
tionable additives. PAO-4 is a 4 c5t @ 100C (viscosity measurement)
produced by reacting
butene and hexene to form a tetramer around a centroid. The
resulting molecule contains a
single double bond which is then hydrogenated to produce a molecule
with exclusively
aliphatic hydrocarbon. I believe the ratio is 3:1 hexene:butene,
but I am not sure. The
resulting molecule is in the C20 number range. You can probably
purchase some of this
through Sigma-Aldrich. If not, the domestic supplier is Amoco
Chemical;. If you want a
slightly more viscous fluid move up to PAO-6 which is produced using
hexene and decene I
believe. PAOs are all hydrocarbon structures, and the contain no
sulfur, phosphorous or
metals.
Paraffin Oil
Formula:
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash: 150 C????
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
The general formula for Paraffin is Cn H2n +2 with "n" usually
greater than 19. Can be used
with glass, PVC(Type 1), Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or Viton. The
generic name of these
products is quite confusing because "Paraffin Oil" is what Kerosene
is called in Great
Britain. Generally speaking in the United States "Paraffin Oil" is
some type of mineral
oil.
Pentane {3.748}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)3 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 72.15
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 626
Chi:H2 O: .937
Flash: -49 C (57 F)
Melt: -129 C (-202 F)
Boil: 36 C (98.6 F)
Auto-Ig: 260 C (500 F)
Cost: $45.20 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 109-66-0
Stable: Yes
A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. Can be used with Teflon,
nylon or viton.
Pentanol (See Amyl Alcohol) There are eight different substances
with the formula C5H12O
but with different structures. CAS 71-41-0 is usually described as
C5H11OH. Melts at -108
C, Boils at 137.9 C, Flash point is 32 C. Slightly soluble and
hygroscopic. See listing
under Amyl Alcohol.
1,3-Propanediamine {2.156}
Formula: C3 H10 N2
Mol. Wt.: 74.1254
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 888
Chi:H2 O: 1.078
Flash: 48 C (120 F)
Melt: -12 C (10 F)
Boil: 140 C (284 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 109-76-2
Stable:
Water white, mobile liquid which is hygroscopic.
Propanol C3H8O mw 60.095, Melts at -126 C Boils at 97.2 C,
Density .803, Flashpoint 15
C. This is a flammable liquid which is miscible and hygroscopic.
Dangerous flashpoint.
1,2-Propandiol C3 H8 O2 mw76.1 Melts at -59 C and boils at 189 C
1,2,3-Propantriol C3 H8 O3 mw92.1? Melts at 18 C and boils at 290
C.
Propylene Diamine {4.224}
Formula: C3 H10 N2
Mol. Wt.: 74.1254
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 870
Chi:H2 O: 1.056
Flash: 33 C (91 F)
Melt: -37.2 C (-35 F)
Boil: 120.5 C (249 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 78-90-0
Stable:
Colorless, flammable, hygroscopic liquid which is very soluble,
strongly alkaline with an
ammoniacal odor.
Propylene Glycol (1,2 Propanediol) {5.88}
Formula: C3 H8 O2
Mol. Wt.: 76.094
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1036
Chi:H2 O: .980
Flash: 107 C (225 F)
Melt: -59 C (-74 F)
Boil: 185 C (365 F)
Auto-Ig: 371 C (700 F)
Cost: $210.20 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 57-55-6
Stable: Yes
Water absorbs 10g/100mL of PG at 21 C. Clear colorless, viscous
liquid which is hygro-
scopic. Low molecular weight (why?) and high density gives this a
high Chi but I am con-
cerned about the two oxygen atoms. [The O2 is NOT free, it is
divided into two alcohol
functional groups.] It can hydrogen bond with water, so that will
make it hygroscopic, and
I would suspect it is somewhat soluble in water. Now, as for oxygen
in the air, most liq-
uids, regardless of composition, will acquire water in general.
This is mostly because of
the fact that the atmosphere "pushes" the air downwards into the
solution, and some (al-
though not a lot) will end up interacting with the liquid by London
dispersion forces
(these are really the only forces available to O2, as it is
non-polar). Oxygen is somewhat
reactive, though, as it is a diradical, I would not imagine PG
reacting significantly with
oxygen, any more than say, ethylene glycol or ethanol. This is
Henry's Law of Gas Solubil-
ity. Can be used with glass, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene,
polystyrene, Teflon or viton.
4-Oxo-TEMPO, free radical (Tempone)
Formula: C9 H16 NO2
Mol. Wt.: 170.23
#H Atoms: 16
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash:
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 2896-70-0
Expensive and unstable. I have heard that commercial units have to
be periodically re-
turned to the factory to be recharged with Tempone. The advantage
of Tempone in Overhauser
mags is that it can be continuously polarized thus producing a
continuous magnetometer out-
put signal. A stable free radical, in the form of an orange,
crystalline powder at room
temperature. Often referred to as
4-oxo-2,2,6,6-teramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical,
it is soluble in water and many organic solvents. Incompatible with
strong oxidizing
agents. One supplier quotes a price $25.30 per gram. Lee Fraser
said (Posting #217) that
only a tiny amount is required so maybe it can be added to almost
any liquid to decrease
polarization time???? (Is it possible that this is just an additive
used to decrease po-
larization time?)
1-Tetradecene {4.945}
Formula: C14 H28
Mol. Wt.: 196.3752
#H Atoms: 28
Density: 771
Chi:H2 O: .989
Flash: 115 C (239 F)
Melt: -13 C (9 F)
Boil: 251 C (483 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: $28 per Liter.
CAS#: 1120-36-1
Toluene {1.989}
Formula: C6 H5 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 94.14 (92.14 in EMS - prob their error.)
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 867.0
Chi:H2 O: .663
Flash: 4 C (39 F)
Melt: -93 C (-135 F)
Boil: 110.6 C (231 F)
Auto-Ig: 480 C (896 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 108-88-3
Stable: Yes
Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor like benzene. Can be used
with glass, Mylar, nylon
or Teflon.
Trimethylene Glycol (1,3 Propanediol) {5.982}
Formula: C3 H8 O2
Mol. Wt.: 76.095
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1053
Chi:H2 O: .997
Flash: 131 C (246 F)
Melt: -27 C (-17 F)
Boil: 214 C (417 F)
Auto-Ig: 400 C (752 F)
Cost: 39.50 for 250 mL.
CAS#: 504-63-2
Stable: Yes
Clear, colorless liquid with no odor.
Water (distilled) H2O 18 2 1000.0 1.00. Viscosity is (at 20C)
is 1.00 x 10 -three. I
now see mention of "Water,Distilled, Lab Grade 7" and the note that
can be used with glass,
PVC(Type 1), Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or viton. Tygon and
neoprene are usable but not
recommended.
Water & 20% Methyl Alcohol et al.
Water H2O 18 2 1000.0 1.000
Xylene (Dimethylbenzene) {3.04}
Formula: C6 H4 (CH3)2
Mol. Wt.: 106.167
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 897.0
Chi:H2 O: .760
Flash: 32 C (80 F)
Melt: -25.2 C (-13 F)
Boil: 144 C (299 F)
Auto-Ig: 463 C (865 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 95-47-6
Stable: Yes
Can be used with Teflon or nylon.
ALCOHOL: An organic compound having a hydroxyl (-OH) group
attached. The lower molecular
weight, methanol (CH3OH), ethanol C2H5OH), and propanol (C3H7OH) are
water soluble.
ALIPHATIC: One of the main groups of hydrocarbons characterized by
the straight or
branched chain arrangement of constituent atoms. Aliphatic
hydrocarbons belong to three
subgroups:
1. Alkanes or paraffins, all of which are saturated and
comparatively unreactive.
2. The alkenes or alkadienes which are unsaturated (containing
double [C=C] bonds) and
more reactive.
3. Alkynes, such a acetylene (which contain a triple [C=C] bond).
ALKANE: An aliphatic hydrocarbon having the chemical formula
CnH2n+2. A normal alkane, or
n-alkane is one which does not have a branched carbon backbone. An
iso-alkane has a
branched, rather than a straight chain, carbon backbone. Alkanes
are also known as PARAF-
FINS. The simplest alkanes are as follows; CH4 methane, C6H14
hexane, C2H6 ethane, C7H16
heptane, C3H8 propane, C8H18 octane, C4H10 butane, C9H20 nonane,
C5H12 pentane, C10H22
decane.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID: A liquid which is capable of forming a
flammable vapor/air mixture.
All flammable liquids are combustible.
DIESEL FUEL: Diesel Fuel consists mostly of hydrocarbons ranging
from C10 to C24. The
composition of diesel fuel may vary with changes in latitude or
changes in season. This
variability is provided by the refinery to control the volatility of
the product. In order
to be identified as diesel fuel, a sample extract must exhibit a
homologous series of five
or more consecutive alkanes ranging from C12 through C22. Diesel
fuel has a flash point of
120 to 160 F and explosive limits of 0.7 % to 5 %. Many states
specify a minimum flash
point for diesel fuel.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID: A combustible liquid that has a flash point below
100 F.
FUEL OIL: A heavy petroleum distillate ranging from #1 (Kerosene or
range oil), #2 (diesel
fuel), up through #6 (heavy bunker fuels). To be identified as fuel
oil, a sample must ex-
hibit a homologous series of normal alkanes ranging from C9 upward.
GASOLINE: A mixture of more than 200 volatile hydrocarbons in the
range of C$ to C12,
suitable for use in spark ignited internal combustion engines.
Regular automotive gasoline
has a flash point of -40 F.
ISOPARAFFINS: A mixture of branched alkanes usually available as a
narrow "cut" of distil-
lation. Exxon manufactures a group of products known as 'Isopars'
ranging from Isopar A
through Isopar J. These solvent mixtures have a variety of uses.
Gulf Oil manufactures a
similar series of solvents, the most commonly available being Gulf
Life Charcoal Starter
Fluid which is roughly equivalent to Exxon's Isopar G.
MINERAL SPIRITS: A medium petroleum distillate ranging from C8 to
C12. The flash point of
mineral spirits is generally around 100 F. Mineral spirits, also
known as mineral turps,
stoddard solvent, white spirits or safety solvent is commonly known
as a solvent in insec-
ticides and certain other household products. Many charcoal lighter
fluids are composed
almost entirely of some form of mineral spirits. It is not soluble
in water.
NAPHTA: This term is so ambiguous that it should not be used.
OLEFIN: An alkene. An organic compound similar to an alkane, but
containing at least one
double bond. Olefins have the formula Cn (H2)n where "ne" is the
variable. The simplest
olefin is ethylene, C2H4.
PETROLEUM DISTILLATES: By-products of the refining of crude oil.
Low boiling or light pe-
troleum distillates (LPD) are highly volatile mixtures of
hydrocarbons. These mixtures are
sometimes called ligroin, petroleum ether, or naphtha. LPDs are
used a lighter fluid,
copier fluid, and as solvents. Medium boiling petroleum distillates
(MPD) are sometimes
known as mineral spirits, and are used as charcoal starters, as
paint thinners, as solvents
for insecticides and other products, and as lamp oils. High boiling
or heavy petroleum
distillates (HPD) are combustible liquids such as kerosene and
diesel fuel.
In Canada, flammable liquids are divided into the following classes:
3.1 - Flash point less than -18 C (-.04 F)
3.2 - Flash point not less than -18 C and less than 23 C (75.4 F)
3.3 - Flash point not less than 23 C and less than 61 C (141.8 F)
Apparently anything with a flash point greater than 61 C (141.8 F)
is NOT (in the legal
sense) hazardous liquid and seemingly no restrictions apply.
U.S. standards SEEM similar but are even more confusing than the
Canadian regulations to
me. Class IIIa >140 F (60 C) and 200
F and SEEMINGLY is not
covered by any regulation.
Therefore, if possible, the flash point of any proton rich fluid
should be >200 F (93.3 C)
if possible. If that standard cannot be met then the flash point
should be at least >61 C
(141.8 F). Because of safety concerns, I personally believe I would
not use anything with
a flash point lower than that.
Some considerations for proton rich substances: The proton bearing
liquid must have a high
composition of hydrogen atoms and its relaxation time should be such
that the signal to
noise ratio is sufficient at the end of the measurement period; but
not too long that the
polarization time drains the battery too much. ONLY hydrogen atoms
count!!! The proton
liquid must be able to withstand adverse conditions ... 120 F to -20
F... If the liquid is
frozen, NOT ONLY IS THE SIGNAL LOST, but the resulting expansion may
burst the encapsula-
tion. ... Methyl alcohol is a good compromise ... or .... If
however a very fast repeti-
tion rate is required a different solution is used. By using a very
small addition of a
ferric salt both the polarization and relaxation times can be
reduced. For this purpose we
use a 20% solution of methyl alcohol in distilled water containing
10 to the -17 gm mols
per liter of the ferric nitrate. This solution is four times faster
than pure methyl alco-
hol. (See Posting # 8
.
Roger Dewhurst speculates that the signal is lost because the
Hydrogen atoms are not free
to vibrate when frozen and this is substantiated by another expert.
"According to the molecular theory, the molecules of water, which in
the liquid form have
considerable movement, have to occupy definite relative positions
when the water assumes
the form of ice. When pure water is cooled to 0 degrees Celsius,
the energy of the mol-
ecules is sufficiently diminished to allow attractive forces to come
into play under which
the molecules assume the positions required for freezing but the
presence of salt ... hin-
ders... But paraffin contracts when freezing, so maybe different
(maybe even worse) than
water in this respect.
"The precession of hydrogen atoms in water only occurs because of
the hydrogen bonding (hy-
drogen attraction to electrons) and the polarity of the water
molecule (it has positive and
negative regions). Once water forms a solid (ice) the dipole
interactions and hydrogen
bonding occurs with other water molecules instead, thus the water
molecules are tied up
with one another and cannot be attracted to another force."
And yet another opinion: Yes, the hydrogen atoms will still precess
when the water is fro-
zen. Really, it's not the whole atom, just its magnetic moment
which is precessing around
the created field. This is the same phenomenon which makes magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy possible.
(tjh)
HYDROGEN BONDING
Figure 11.6 shows the boiling points of the simple hydrides of group
4A and 6A elements.
In general, the boiling point increases with increasing molecular
weight, owing to in-
creased dispersion forces. The notable exception to this trend is
H2 O, whose boiling
point is much higher than we would expect on the basis of its
molecular weight. NH3 and HF
also have abnormally high boiling points. These compounds also have
many other character-
istics that distinguish them from other substances of similar
molecular weight and polar-
ity. For example, water has a high melting point, a high heat
capacity per gram, and a
high heat of vaporization. Each of these properties indicates that
the intermolecular
forces between H2 O molecules are abnormally strong. HYDROGEN
BONDING is a special type of
intermolecular attraction that exists between the hydrogen atom in a
polar bond (par-
ticularly and H--F, H--O, or H--N bond) and an unshared electron
pair on a nearby
electronegative atom (usually and F, O, or N atom on another
molecule). For example, a hy-
drogen bond exists between the H atom in an HF molecule and the F
atom of an adjacent HF
molecule, F--H...F--H (where the dots represent the hydrogen bond
between the molecules).
Several additional examples are shown in Figure 11.7.
Hydrogen bonds can be considered unique dipole-dipole attractions
because F, N, and O are
electronegative, a bond between hydrogen and any of these three
elements is quite polar,
with hydrogen at the positive end:
strongly urge that you
double check my figures if you decide to try any of them. The
number in brackets { } is MY
rating system and any relationship to a scientific rating system is
purely coincidental.
Input on ANYTHING related to this list would be GREATLY appreciated.
Do not pay too much
attention to any prices shown because in most cases they are the
best laboratory grade that
is available. For example laboratory grade Kerosene is like US$30 -
35 per gallon and just plain
old Kerosene must be US$2.00 or less for a gallon. In many (not
all) a grade less than laboratory
grade will probably do fine.
Amyl Alcohol (Pentyl Alcohol) {4.99}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)3 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 88.1492
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 815
Chi:H2 O: .998
Flash: 32 C (89 F)
Melt: -79 C (-110 F)
Boil: 101 C (213 F)
Auto-Ig: 300 C (572 F)
Cost: $220.40 for 4 liters.
CAS#: 71-41-0
Stable: Yes
A colorless liquid used as an artificial flavoring. Anything in the
Amyl Alcohol family is
flammable, produces toxic gas and is hygroscopic. Said to be
slightly soluble in water ac-
cepting 1 - 5 g/100ml at 17 C. It is soluble in alcohol, ether,
benzene, chloroform, glyc-
erol and oil. Vapors are heavier than air and may travel a
considerable distance to a
source of ignition and flash back to origin. It can be used with:
glass, PVC (Type 1),
Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or neoprene. It should NOT be used
with tygon, polyethylene,
viton, silicone or santoprene.
Benzene {1.212}
Formula: C6 H6
Mol. Wt.: 78.11
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 876.5
Chi:H2 O: .606
Flash: -11 C (12 F)
Melt: 5.5 C (42 F)
Boil: 80.1 C (176 F)
Auto-Ig: 497 C (928 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 71-43-2
Stable:
Vis: .65 x 10 -three
Benzene is colorless, flammable and toxic. Use only with Teflon,
nylon, urethane or viton.
It performs poorly with LDPE, polycarbonates, PVC and polystyrene.
Benzyl Alcohol Chi .690
1-Butanol (Butyl Alcohol/n-Butanol) {4.915}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)2 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 74.12
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 810
Chi:H2 O: .983
Flash: 35 C (95 F)
Melt: -89 C (-128 F)
Boil: 117.6 C (243 F)
Auto-Ig: 343 C (649 F)
Cost: $45.00 per Liter.
CAS#: 35296-72-1
A clear, colorless solution with a strong characteristic alcoholic
odor. Class 3 severely
flammable rating. Vapors can flow along surfaces to a distant
ignition source and flash
back. Sensitive to static discharge. Store in a cool, dry, well
ventilated location, away
from any area where fire hazard may be acute. Stable under ordinary
conditions of use and
storage. When released into the soil the material is expected to be
readily biodegradable
but this material is expected to leach into groundwater. Can be
used with LDPE, HDPE, PP,
polycarbonate and polystyrene.
1-Butanol (Tertiary Butanol has similar characteristics.)
2-Butanol (Sec Butyl Alcohol) C4 H10 O has similar characteristics
but melts at -115 C
and boils at 99.5 C. The various butanols can be used with glass or
Teflon.
Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin/Dekalin) {6.3}
Formula: C10 H18
Mol. Wt.: 138.25
#H Atoms: 18
Density: 896
Chi:H2 O: 1.05
Flash: 57 C (137 F)
Melt: -31 C (-22 F)
Boil: 187 C (368 F)
Auto-Ig: 250 C (482 F)
Cost: $124.50 for 2.5 Liters.
CAS#: 91-17-8
Clear to colorless, combustible liquid that is hygroscopic and which
has a mild hydrocarbon
odor. Insoluble in water. Stable under normal temperatures and
pressures but sensitive to
air. Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents. Heat and light,
particularly direct
sunlight, could cause it to form explosive peroxides. Addition of
water or other appropri-
ate reducing materials will lessen peroxide formation. Class 3
hazardous material which is
volatile on contact with steam. Store under nitrogen and do not
pressurize. Very soluble
in acetone, alcohol, benzene, esters and most ketones. Miscible
with propyl and isopropyl
alcohols.
Decane (n-Decane; decyl hydride; alkane C10) {5.08}
Formula: C10 H22
Mol. Wt.: 142.2838
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 730
Chi:H2 O: 1.016
Flash: 46 C (114 F)
Melt: -29.7 C (-21 F)
Boil: 174.1 C (345 F)
Auto-Ig: 210 C (410 F)
Cost: I believe prohibitively expensive.
CAS#: 124-18-5
A clear colorless, hydrophobic liquid. Can be used with PVC but
possibly there are other
materials that are also usable.
Decanol (Decyl Alcohol) {5.16}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)8 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 158.29
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 825 Check as some show range of 829 - 831
Chi:H2 O: 1.032
Flash: 82 C (180 F)
Melt: 6 C (43 F)
Boil: 230 C (446 F)
Auto-Ig: 288 C (550 F)
Cost: $38.40 for 500 mL.
CAS#: 112-30-1
Colorless to light yellow, hydrophobic, viscous, refractive liquid
with odor of oranges.
Insoluble in water and readily biodegradable. Stable under ordinary
conditions of use and
storage. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, inorganic
acids, aledhydes, monomers
and polymerizable esters, alkylene oxides, halogens and acid
anhydrides. Class 2 flammable
substance. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away
from any area where fire
hazard may be acute.
2-Decanol {3.096}
Formula: C10 H22 O
Mol. Wt.: 158.28
#H Atoms: 22
Density: 825
Chi:H2 O: 1.032
Flash: 85 C (185 F)
Melt: -5 C (23 F)
Boil: 211 C (411 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Probably VERY expensive.
CAS#: 1120-06-5
Clear, colorless, combustible liquid. Stable under normal
temperatures and pressures.
2-Decanol is one of the alcohols which is least soluble in water as
the long alkyl chain
(10 Carbons) would actually repel the single -OH group of the water.
Probably can hydrogen
bond with other alcohol molecules.
Decene (1-Decene) {4.75}
Formula: C10 H20
Mol. Wt.: 140.268
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 741
Chi:H2 O: .950
Flash: 47 C (116 F)
Melt: -66 C (-86 F)
Boil: 166 C (330 F)
Auto-Ig: 235 C ( 455 F)
Cost: 35.50 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 872-05-09
Stable: Yes
Colorless, flammable, hydrophobic liquid.
Diacetone Alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanone) Chi .874
Diesel Fuels and bunkering fuels contain hydrocarbons with higher
numbers of carbon atoms
and higher boiling points. Can be used with viton.
Diethylene Glycol Chi
3,3-Diethylpentane {4.232}
Formula: C9 H20
Mol. Wt.: 128.257
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 754
Chi:H2 O: 1.058
Flash:
Melt: -33 C (-27 F)
Boil: 146 C (294 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Probably very expensive.
CAS#: 1067-20-5
Stable: But probably forms dangerous peroxides if exposed to air
for too long a time.
Dipropylene Glycol (Oxybispropanol) {2.87}
Formula: C6 H14 O3
Mol. Wt.: 134.1748
#H Atoms: 14
Density: 1020
Chi:H2 O: .957
Flash: 138 C (280 F)
Melt: -40 C (-40 F)
Boil: 229 C (442 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Might be expensive.
1-Dodecene {5.832}
Formula: C12 H24
Mol. Wt.: 168.3216
#H Atoms: 24
Density: 758
Chi:H2 O: .972
Flash: 77 C (170 F)
Melt: -35 C (-25 F)
Boil: 213 C (415 F)
Auto-Ig: 255 C (491 F)
Cost: $45.10 for 500 ml.
CAS#:112-41-4
Stable: Yes
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) {2.775}
Formula: CH3 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 46.07
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 789.3
Chi:H2 O: .925
Flash: 12 C (55 F)
Melt: -114 C (-173 F)
Boil: 78.5 C (173 F)
Auto-Ig: 362 C (685 F)
Cost: $84.20 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 64-17-5
Stable:
Vis: 1.20 x 10 -3
A volatile, flammable, colorless liquid having a pleasant odor and
miscible in water and
many organic solvents. Can be used with Mylar, LDPE, HDPE, PP,
polymethylpentene,
polycarbonate, PVC and polystyrene.
Ethylene Glycol {4.85}
Formula: HO CH2 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 62.07
#H Atoms: 6
Density: 1115.0
Chi:H2 O: .970
Flash: 111 C (242 F)
Melt: -13 C (8.6 F)
Boil: 195 C (383 F)
Auto-Ig: 398 C (748 F)
Cost: $103.50 for 3 Liters.
CAS#: 107-21-1
Stable: Yes
Hydrophilic liquid which is miscible in water. Can used with epoxy
or PP. May form explo-
sive peroxides if exposed to air for extended periods.
EZ-1000 Compressor Lubricant
Formula: C10n H20n +2
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms: 20?
Density: .79 to .85
Chi:H2 O: 1.001 GUESS GUESS
Flash: 325 - 550 F
Melt:
Boil: >300 F
Auto-Ig:
Cost: $37.55 per gallon.
From Undersea Breathing Systems, 3599 23rd. Avenue S, Lake Worth, FL
33461
(http://www.dnax.com). This is a Polyalphaolefin (Hydrocracked
Hydrocarbon) of the syn-
thetic petroleum hydrocarbon family. It is a clear liquid with a
light yellow to light
brown tint and is non-hazardous. It is stable, insoluble in water,
and has unlimited shelf
life if in original container. It is the only compressor fluid that
meets FDA guidelines
for food grade additives.
Fuel Oil #2
Flash point varies from 126 degrees F to 204 degrees F. Auto
ignition temperature is 494
F. A light brown combustible, straight run or cracked petroleum
distillate consisting
mostly of C9 to C23 range hydrocarbons. Fuel oil is neither
volatile nor likely to form
emissions and is relatively non-persistant in the environment.
Stable. Can be used with
PP, polycarbonate or PVC.
Gasoline provides a lower signal and longer delay. Other than the
fire hazard it also
eats the insulation on the copper windings. Gasolines are mixtures
of hydrocarbons with 4
to 12 carbon atoms and have boiling points between 30 and 210
degrees Celsius. It can be
used with epoxy, Teflon, nylon, urethane or viton.
Glycerine (Glycerol) {3.944}
Formula: CH2 OH CH OH CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 92.09
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1261.0
Chi:H2 O: .986
Flash: 160 C (320 F)
Melt: 17.8 C (64 F)
Boil: 290 C (554 F)
Cost:
CAS#:
Auto-Ig: 370 C (698 F)
Stable: Yes
Vis: 1490 x 10 -three
A colorless, odorless, sweet tasting, syrupy liquid which is
hygroscopic. Can be used with
PVC, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene, polycarbonate, polystyrene,
Teflon, nylon, polypro-
pylene, viton, neoprene or santoprene.
Heptane 98% minimum {4.915}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)5 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 100.21
#H Atoms: 16
Density: 684.0
Chi:H2 O: .983
Flash: -4 C (25 F)
Melt: -90.6 C (-131 F)
Boil: 90 C (194 F)
Auto-Ig: 222 C (433 F)
Cost: $36.40 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 142-82-5
Stable:
Can be used with glass, PVC(Type 1), Teflon, polycarbonate, nylon,
or viton.
n-Hexanol {6.024}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)5 OH
Mol. Wt.: 102.76
#H Atoms: 14
Density: 819
Chi:H2 O: 1.004
Flash: 60 C (140 F)
Melt: -52 C (-61 F)
Boil: 156 C (312 F)
Auto-Ig: 292 C (559 F)
Cost: $46.79 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 111-27-3
Colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water.
Iso-Butyl Alcohol (2-Methyl-1-Propanol) {2.92}
Formula: (CH3)2 CHCH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 74.12
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 802.0
Chi:H2 O: .973
Flash: 28 C (82 F)
Melt: -108 C (-162 F)
Boil: 108 C (226 F)
Auto-Ig: 415 C (779 F)
Cost: $38.00 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 78-83-1
Stable: Yes
Can be used with LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene, polycarbonate,
or PVC.
IsoAmyl Alcohol (Isopentyl Alcohol) {4.955}
Formula: C5 H12 O
Mol. Wt.: 88.1492
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 809
Chi:H2 O: .991
Flash: 43 C (109 F)
Melt: - 117 C (-178 F)
Boil: 130 C (266 F)
Cost: 55.00 for 500 mL.
CAS#: 123-51-3
Auto-Ig: 350 C (662 F)
Stable: Yes
A colorless liquid with an alcoholic odor which causes coughing,
used for artificial fla-
voring A form of Pentanol. Soluble in water.
Isopropanol (2-Propanol/Isopropyl Alcohol) {2.82}
Formula: CH3 CH OH CH3
Mol. Wt.: 60.10
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 785.0
Chi:H2 O: .940
Flash: 12 C (54 F)
Melt: -88.5 C (-126 F)
Boil: 82.4 C (180 F)
Auto-Ig: 399 C (750 F)
Cost: $47.00 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 67-63-0
A colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor, which is
miscible in water, ether and
alcohol. Can be used with epoxy, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene,
polycarbonate, PVC or
polystyrene.
Jet Fuel can be used with glass, PVC, Teflon, nylon, urethane or
viton. JP-A, JP-A1 and
JP-8 have flash points of 100 - 129 F and are Class II flammable
liquids and can be used in
place of kerosene in heaters, etc. JP-4 has a flash point of less
than 29 F and is a Class
I flammable liquid. Kerosenes used in jet fuel contain hydrocarbons
with 10 to 16 carbon
atoms and have boiling points between 150 and 240 degrees Celsius.
Kerosene (#1 Fuel Oil) {5.0}
Formula: C9 - C19 H?
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density: 800
Chi:H2 O: 1.001 - 1.031?
Flash: 38 C (100 F)
Melt:
Boil: 175 C (347 F)
Auto-Ig: 210 C (410 F)
Cost: $36.00 for 1 gallon.
CAS#: 8008-20-6
Stable: Yes
A straight run petroleum distillate liquid having a characteristic
odor, miscible in petro-
leum solvents and immiscible in water. Oily, stable, and
combustible with pale yellow to
water white color. Kerosene provides a higher signal, but a quicker
decay time. Density
810.0. Depending on manufacturer, flash points range from 100 F (38
C to 160 F (71 C).
Can be used with glass, PVC, polycarbonate, Teflon, nylon urethane
or viton. In the old
encyclopedia at work it shows a flash point of 150 C but this may be
for "paraffin oil"
which is considered by some to be kerosene and additionally is the
name used for Kerosene
in the UK. The general formula for Kerosene is Cn H2n +1 where "n"
usually ranges from 12
to 16.
"...but the typical 'n' value for Cn H2n is 14 for kerosene, so the
general formula is C14
H28. Some kerosenes contain more alkane, so the average MW formula
is C14 H29 since it is
a mixture of C14 H28 and C14 H30."
Therefore we have the following possible calculations for Chi in
relation to H2 O.
1. C14 H28 with a molecular weight of 196.372 and an assumed
density of 780: Chi = 1.001.
2. C14 H29 with a molecular weight of 197.380 and an assumed
density of 780: Chi = 1.031.
3. C14 H30 with a molecular weight of 198.388 and a density of 763:
Chi = 1.038.
***
Alpha 100% 90% .78 160 F 70829 8008-20-6
Fisher 100% .826 350 F 8012-95-1
Farmland >95% 0.8 125 F 6G072 8008-20-6
Priestly 94% 160 F 450 91-20-3
Spectrum 99% 0.8 100 F 410 F 63415 8008-20-6
Priestly product is principally naphthalene (SARA III)
Fisher Product is mineral oil and is soluble in benzene, ether,
chloroform, carbon
disulfide, petroleum ether and oils. It is insoluble in alcohols
and presumably insoluble
in water. This can be used to reduce the flash point of Kerosene
maybe.
Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) {2.67}
Formula: CH3 OH
Mol. Wt.: 32.04
#H Atoms: 4
Density: 791.4
Chi:H2 O: .890
Flash: 11 C (52 F)
Melt: -98 C (-144 F)
Boil: 64.1 C (147 F)
Auto-Ig: 463 C (867 F)
Cost: $42.00 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 67-56-1
Stable: Yes
A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid having a slight alcohol
odor when pure. Miscible
in water, ethanol, ketones and most other organic solvents. Can be
used with glass, LDPE,
HDPE, polymethylpentene, PVC, polystyrene, Teflon, nylon,
polypropylene, urethane, or neo-
prene.
Meth/Water was selected by one knowledgeable researcher. It
consists of distilled water
and 20% methyl Alcohol along with ferric nitrate in the amount of 10
to the -17 gm mols per
liter. This solution is four times faster than pure methyl alcohol.
(See Posting # 88.)
Is it possible that the ferric nitrate has the purpose of keeping
down on the acquisition
of more oxygen molecules. Can be used with urethane.
Mobil 1. Majority of compound is polyalphaolefin (PAO). I am
guessing that maybe close to
C10H20 for the polyalphaolefin. Problem is that any motor oil will
contain 1--20% addi-
tives which may cause problems. All oils will contain Ca, Mg, Zn,
S, P, N, Cl, O and may
contain Mo, Na, or even Ba. Most of the alkaline metals are in the
formulation as sus-
pended carbonates which might also present a problem.
Prod# S.G. PoursF CranksF FlashF Visc.
0W-30 48116-8 .860 -54 -30 238 176
5W-30 48111-9 .862 -54 -25 235 162
10W30 47117-6 .866 -54 -20 243 147
15W-50 48120-0 .875 -48 -15 245 160
Mobil 1 SEEMS to have about 80% of PAOs. Generally all synthetic
motor oils are composed
of four basic components; 1. PAO base oil 2. ester 3. VII to produce
multi grades 4. addi-
tives. PAO is a tetramer of decene molecules which is then
hydrogenated. Basically, it is
composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen and therefore has the
greatest proportion of hy-
drogen atoms. PAOs are manufactured according to their viscosity at
100 Celsius. PAO-4 is
a relatively thin oil like a 5W-30 but DOES have a flash point well
above 200 F. Esters
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and contain a lower proportion
of hydrogen. Mobil
uses a higher proportion of PAO, where some others like Amsoil tend
to formulate with a
higher level of ester. Lubricating oil is a medium weight material
that flows easily and
is easily dispersed if treated promptly. This oil has a low
volatility and moderate flash
point, but is fairly persistent in the environment. Can be used
with urethane.
Naphta is used by Amherst College Geology Department in their
Geonics magnetometer.
Nonane {4.04}
Formula: C9 H20
Mol. Wt.: 128.257
#H Atoms: 20
Density: 721
Chi:H2 O: 1.012
Flash: 31 C (87 F)
Melt: -53 C (-63 F)
Boil: 150.8 C (303 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: Prohibitively expensive.
CAS#: 111-84-2
Stable:
Colorless, flammable liquid.
Octyl Alcohol (1-Octanol) {6.162}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)6 CH2 OH
Mol. Wt.: 130.2296
#H Atoms: 18
Density: 826
Chi:H2 O: 1.027
Flash: 81 C (176 F)
Melt: -15 C (0 F)
Boil: 195 C (385 F)
Auto-Ig: 272 C (523 F)
Cost: $35.50 for 1 Liter.
CAS#: 111-87-5
Stable: Yes
2,2'-Oxybisenthanol (Diethylene Glycol) Chi .948
Oxygen. Free oxygen in solution is paramagnetic; free nitrogen is
not. When filling the
bottle before encapsulation, dissolved oxygen may be driven off by
bubbling pure nitrogen
through it for 20 minutes or by boiling it. At this point in time I
see the basic solution
as keeping oxygen out of the liquid and having a liquid which repels
oxygen. I am also
considering (but I don't know how) pressurizing the container of the
proton rich fluid.
PAO-4 (Polyalphaoleofin-4)
Formula:
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash:
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
These "Durasyn" products MIGHT be the base stocks used for Mobil 1
but without the objec-
tionable additives. PAO-4 is a 4 c5t @ 100C (viscosity measurement)
produced by reacting
butene and hexene to form a tetramer around a centroid. The
resulting molecule contains a
single double bond which is then hydrogenated to produce a molecule
with exclusively
aliphatic hydrocarbon. I believe the ratio is 3:1 hexene:butene,
but I am not sure. The
resulting molecule is in the C20 number range. You can probably
purchase some of this
through Sigma-Aldrich. If not, the domestic supplier is Amoco
Chemical;. If you want a
slightly more viscous fluid move up to PAO-6 which is produced using
hexene and decene I
believe. PAOs are all hydrocarbon structures, and the contain no
sulfur, phosphorous or
metals.
Paraffin Oil
Formula:
Mol. Wt.:
#H Atoms:
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash: 150 C????
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
The general formula for Paraffin is Cn H2n +2 with "n" usually
greater than 19. Can be used
with glass, PVC(Type 1), Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or Viton. The
generic name of these
products is quite confusing because "Paraffin Oil" is what Kerosene
is called in Great
Britain. Generally speaking in the United States "Paraffin Oil" is
some type of mineral
oil.
Pentane {3.748}
Formula: CH3 (CH2)3 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 72.15
#H Atoms: 12
Density: 626
Chi:H2 O: .937
Flash: -49 C (57 F)
Melt: -129 C (-202 F)
Boil: 36 C (98.6 F)
Auto-Ig: 260 C (500 F)
Cost: $45.20 for 500 ml.
CAS#: 109-66-0
Stable: Yes
A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. Can be used with Teflon,
nylon or viton.
Pentanol (See Amyl Alcohol) There are eight different substances
with the formula C5H12O
but with different structures. CAS 71-41-0 is usually described as
C5H11OH. Melts at -108
C, Boils at 137.9 C, Flash point is 32 C. Slightly soluble and
hygroscopic. See listing
under Amyl Alcohol.
1,3-Propanediamine {2.156}
Formula: C3 H10 N2
Mol. Wt.: 74.1254
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 888
Chi:H2 O: 1.078
Flash: 48 C (120 F)
Melt: -12 C (10 F)
Boil: 140 C (284 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 109-76-2
Stable:
Water white, mobile liquid which is hygroscopic.
Propanol C3H8O mw 60.095, Melts at -126 C Boils at 97.2 C,
Density .803, Flashpoint 15
C. This is a flammable liquid which is miscible and hygroscopic.
Dangerous flashpoint.
1,2-Propandiol C3 H8 O2 mw76.1 Melts at -59 C and boils at 189 C
1,2,3-Propantriol C3 H8 O3 mw92.1? Melts at 18 C and boils at 290
C.
Propylene Diamine {4.224}
Formula: C3 H10 N2
Mol. Wt.: 74.1254
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 870
Chi:H2 O: 1.056
Flash: 33 C (91 F)
Melt: -37.2 C (-35 F)
Boil: 120.5 C (249 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 78-90-0
Stable:
Colorless, flammable, hygroscopic liquid which is very soluble,
strongly alkaline with an
ammoniacal odor.
Propylene Glycol (1,2 Propanediol) {5.88}
Formula: C3 H8 O2
Mol. Wt.: 76.094
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1036
Chi:H2 O: .980
Flash: 107 C (225 F)
Melt: -59 C (-74 F)
Boil: 185 C (365 F)
Auto-Ig: 371 C (700 F)
Cost: $210.20 for 4 Liters.
CAS#: 57-55-6
Stable: Yes
Water absorbs 10g/100mL of PG at 21 C. Clear colorless, viscous
liquid which is hygro-
scopic. Low molecular weight (why?) and high density gives this a
high Chi but I am con-
cerned about the two oxygen atoms. [The O2 is NOT free, it is
divided into two alcohol
functional groups.] It can hydrogen bond with water, so that will
make it hygroscopic, and
I would suspect it is somewhat soluble in water. Now, as for oxygen
in the air, most liq-
uids, regardless of composition, will acquire water in general.
This is mostly because of
the fact that the atmosphere "pushes" the air downwards into the
solution, and some (al-
though not a lot) will end up interacting with the liquid by London
dispersion forces
(these are really the only forces available to O2, as it is
non-polar). Oxygen is somewhat
reactive, though, as it is a diradical, I would not imagine PG
reacting significantly with
oxygen, any more than say, ethylene glycol or ethanol. This is
Henry's Law of Gas Solubil-
ity. Can be used with glass, LDPE, HDPE, PP, polymethylpentene,
polystyrene, Teflon or viton.
4-Oxo-TEMPO, free radical (Tempone)
Formula: C9 H16 NO2
Mol. Wt.: 170.23
#H Atoms: 16
Density:
Chi:H2 O:
Flash:
Melt:
Boil:
Auto-Ig:
Cost:
CAS#: 2896-70-0
Expensive and unstable. I have heard that commercial units have to
be periodically re-
turned to the factory to be recharged with Tempone. The advantage
of Tempone in Overhauser
mags is that it can be continuously polarized thus producing a
continuous magnetometer out-
put signal. A stable free radical, in the form of an orange,
crystalline powder at room
temperature. Often referred to as
4-oxo-2,2,6,6-teramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical,
it is soluble in water and many organic solvents. Incompatible with
strong oxidizing
agents. One supplier quotes a price $25.30 per gram. Lee Fraser
said (Posting #217) that
only a tiny amount is required so maybe it can be added to almost
any liquid to decrease
polarization time???? (Is it possible that this is just an additive
used to decrease po-
larization time?)
1-Tetradecene {4.945}
Formula: C14 H28
Mol. Wt.: 196.3752
#H Atoms: 28
Density: 771
Chi:H2 O: .989
Flash: 115 C (239 F)
Melt: -13 C (9 F)
Boil: 251 C (483 F)
Auto-Ig:
Cost: $28 per Liter.
CAS#: 1120-36-1
Toluene {1.989}
Formula: C6 H5 CH3
Mol. Wt.: 94.14 (92.14 in EMS - prob their error.)
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 867.0
Chi:H2 O: .663
Flash: 4 C (39 F)
Melt: -93 C (-135 F)
Boil: 110.6 C (231 F)
Auto-Ig: 480 C (896 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 108-88-3
Stable: Yes
Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor like benzene. Can be used
with glass, Mylar, nylon
or Teflon.
Trimethylene Glycol (1,3 Propanediol) {5.982}
Formula: C3 H8 O2
Mol. Wt.: 76.095
#H Atoms: 8
Density: 1053
Chi:H2 O: .997
Flash: 131 C (246 F)
Melt: -27 C (-17 F)
Boil: 214 C (417 F)
Auto-Ig: 400 C (752 F)
Cost: 39.50 for 250 mL.
CAS#: 504-63-2
Stable: Yes
Clear, colorless liquid with no odor.
Water (distilled) H2O 18 2 1000.0 1.00. Viscosity is (at 20C)
is 1.00 x 10 -three. I
now see mention of "Water,Distilled, Lab Grade 7" and the note that
can be used with glass,
PVC(Type 1), Teflon, nylon, polypropylene or viton. Tygon and
neoprene are usable but not
recommended.
Water & 20% Methyl Alcohol et al.
Water H2O 18 2 1000.0 1.000
Xylene (Dimethylbenzene) {3.04}
Formula: C6 H4 (CH3)2
Mol. Wt.: 106.167
#H Atoms: 10
Density: 897.0
Chi:H2 O: .760
Flash: 32 C (80 F)
Melt: -25.2 C (-13 F)
Boil: 144 C (299 F)
Auto-Ig: 463 C (865 F)
Cost:
CAS#: 95-47-6
Stable: Yes
Can be used with Teflon or nylon.
ALCOHOL: An organic compound having a hydroxyl (-OH) group
attached. The lower molecular
weight, methanol (CH3OH), ethanol C2H5OH), and propanol (C3H7OH) are
water soluble.
ALIPHATIC: One of the main groups of hydrocarbons characterized by
the straight or
branched chain arrangement of constituent atoms. Aliphatic
hydrocarbons belong to three
subgroups:
1. Alkanes or paraffins, all of which are saturated and
comparatively unreactive.
2. The alkenes or alkadienes which are unsaturated (containing
double [C=C] bonds) and
more reactive.
3. Alkynes, such a acetylene (which contain a triple [C=C] bond).
ALKANE: An aliphatic hydrocarbon having the chemical formula
CnH2n+2. A normal alkane, or
n-alkane is one which does not have a branched carbon backbone. An
iso-alkane has a
branched, rather than a straight chain, carbon backbone. Alkanes
are also known as PARAF-
FINS. The simplest alkanes are as follows; CH4 methane, C6H14
hexane, C2H6 ethane, C7H16
heptane, C3H8 propane, C8H18 octane, C4H10 butane, C9H20 nonane,
C5H12 pentane, C10H22
decane.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID: A liquid which is capable of forming a
flammable vapor/air mixture.
All flammable liquids are combustible.
DIESEL FUEL: Diesel Fuel consists mostly of hydrocarbons ranging
from C10 to C24. The
composition of diesel fuel may vary with changes in latitude or
changes in season. This
variability is provided by the refinery to control the volatility of
the product. In order
to be identified as diesel fuel, a sample extract must exhibit a
homologous series of five
or more consecutive alkanes ranging from C12 through C22. Diesel
fuel has a flash point of
120 to 160 F and explosive limits of 0.7 % to 5 %. Many states
specify a minimum flash
point for diesel fuel.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID: A combustible liquid that has a flash point below
100 F.
FUEL OIL: A heavy petroleum distillate ranging from #1 (Kerosene or
range oil), #2 (diesel
fuel), up through #6 (heavy bunker fuels). To be identified as fuel
oil, a sample must ex-
hibit a homologous series of normal alkanes ranging from C9 upward.
GASOLINE: A mixture of more than 200 volatile hydrocarbons in the
range of C$ to C12,
suitable for use in spark ignited internal combustion engines.
Regular automotive gasoline
has a flash point of -40 F.
ISOPARAFFINS: A mixture of branched alkanes usually available as a
narrow "cut" of distil-
lation. Exxon manufactures a group of products known as 'Isopars'
ranging from Isopar A
through Isopar J. These solvent mixtures have a variety of uses.
Gulf Oil manufactures a
similar series of solvents, the most commonly available being Gulf
Life Charcoal Starter
Fluid which is roughly equivalent to Exxon's Isopar G.
MINERAL SPIRITS: A medium petroleum distillate ranging from C8 to
C12. The flash point of
mineral spirits is generally around 100 F. Mineral spirits, also
known as mineral turps,
stoddard solvent, white spirits or safety solvent is commonly known
as a solvent in insec-
ticides and certain other household products. Many charcoal lighter
fluids are composed
almost entirely of some form of mineral spirits. It is not soluble
in water.
NAPHTA: This term is so ambiguous that it should not be used.
OLEFIN: An alkene. An organic compound similar to an alkane, but
containing at least one
double bond. Olefins have the formula Cn (H2)n where "ne" is the
variable. The simplest
olefin is ethylene, C2H4.
PETROLEUM DISTILLATES: By-products of the refining of crude oil.
Low boiling or light pe-
troleum distillates (LPD) are highly volatile mixtures of
hydrocarbons. These mixtures are
sometimes called ligroin, petroleum ether, or naphtha. LPDs are
used a lighter fluid,
copier fluid, and as solvents. Medium boiling petroleum distillates
(MPD) are sometimes
known as mineral spirits, and are used as charcoal starters, as
paint thinners, as solvents
for insecticides and other products, and as lamp oils. High boiling
or heavy petroleum
distillates (HPD) are combustible liquids such as kerosene and
diesel fuel.
In Canada, flammable liquids are divided into the following classes:
3.1 - Flash point less than -18 C (-.04 F)
3.2 - Flash point not less than -18 C and less than 23 C (75.4 F)
3.3 - Flash point not less than 23 C and less than 61 C (141.8 F)
Apparently anything with a flash point greater than 61 C (141.8 F)
is NOT (in the legal
sense) hazardous liquid and seemingly no restrictions apply.
U.S. standards SEEM similar but are even more confusing than the
Canadian regulations to
me. Class IIIa >140 F (60 C) and 200
F and SEEMINGLY is not
covered by any regulation.
Therefore, if possible, the flash point of any proton rich fluid
should be >200 F (93.3 C)
if possible. If that standard cannot be met then the flash point
should be at least >61 C
(141.8 F). Because of safety concerns, I personally believe I would
not use anything with
a flash point lower than that.
Some considerations for proton rich substances: The proton bearing
liquid must have a high
composition of hydrogen atoms and its relaxation time should be such
that the signal to
noise ratio is sufficient at the end of the measurement period; but
not too long that the
polarization time drains the battery too much. ONLY hydrogen atoms
count!!! The proton
liquid must be able to withstand adverse conditions ... 120 F to -20
F... If the liquid is
frozen, NOT ONLY IS THE SIGNAL LOST, but the resulting expansion may
burst the encapsula-
tion. ... Methyl alcohol is a good compromise ... or .... If
however a very fast repeti-
tion rate is required a different solution is used. By using a very
small addition of a
ferric salt both the polarization and relaxation times can be
reduced. For this purpose we
use a 20% solution of methyl alcohol in distilled water containing
10 to the -17 gm mols
per liter of the ferric nitrate. This solution is four times faster
than pure methyl alco-
hol. (See Posting # 8
.Roger Dewhurst speculates that the signal is lost because the
Hydrogen atoms are not free
to vibrate when frozen and this is substantiated by another expert.
"According to the molecular theory, the molecules of water, which in
the liquid form have
considerable movement, have to occupy definite relative positions
when the water assumes
the form of ice. When pure water is cooled to 0 degrees Celsius,
the energy of the mol-
ecules is sufficiently diminished to allow attractive forces to come
into play under which
the molecules assume the positions required for freezing but the
presence of salt ... hin-
ders... But paraffin contracts when freezing, so maybe different
(maybe even worse) than
water in this respect.
"The precession of hydrogen atoms in water only occurs because of
the hydrogen bonding (hy-
drogen attraction to electrons) and the polarity of the water
molecule (it has positive and
negative regions). Once water forms a solid (ice) the dipole
interactions and hydrogen
bonding occurs with other water molecules instead, thus the water
molecules are tied up
with one another and cannot be attracted to another force."
And yet another opinion: Yes, the hydrogen atoms will still precess
when the water is fro-
zen. Really, it's not the whole atom, just its magnetic moment
which is precessing around
the created field. This is the same phenomenon which makes magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy possible.
(tjh)
HYDROGEN BONDING
Figure 11.6 shows the boiling points of the simple hydrides of group
4A and 6A elements.
In general, the boiling point increases with increasing molecular
weight, owing to in-
creased dispersion forces. The notable exception to this trend is
H2 O, whose boiling
point is much higher than we would expect on the basis of its
molecular weight. NH3 and HF
also have abnormally high boiling points. These compounds also have
many other character-
istics that distinguish them from other substances of similar
molecular weight and polar-
ity. For example, water has a high melting point, a high heat
capacity per gram, and a
high heat of vaporization. Each of these properties indicates that
the intermolecular
forces between H2 O molecules are abnormally strong. HYDROGEN
BONDING is a special type of
intermolecular attraction that exists between the hydrogen atom in a
polar bond (par-
ticularly and H--F, H--O, or H--N bond) and an unshared electron
pair on a nearby
electronegative atom (usually and F, O, or N atom on another
molecule). For example, a hy-
drogen bond exists between the H atom in an HF molecule and the F
atom of an adjacent HF
molecule, F--H...F--H (where the dots represent the hydrogen bond
between the molecules).
Several additional examples are shown in Figure 11.7.
Hydrogen bonds can be considered unique dipole-dipole attractions
because F, N, and O are
electronegative, a bond between hydrogen and any of these three
elements is quite polar,
with hydrogen at the positive end: