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How should EMI sensors work

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  • How should EMI sensors work

    I propose we to write and edit an collaborative article "How should EMI sensors work" on the same way as are continuous improved articles in Wikipedia. Our article is intended for amateur designers of metal detectors to compose block diagram of a most sophisticated sensor, which must be superior in sensitivity and information for target. The sophisticated sensor will be used in a future metal detector GLEANER, which can glean, ie it can find targets in the places that have already been searched by other metal detectors.
    If writing and editing of such an article goes well, we will proceed the same way (by collectively writing and editing articles) to design block diagram for GLEANER. Of these articles, we can determine a Wikibook "Textbook on Design of Metal Detectors".

    The attached block diagram represents signal flow in an EM induction sensing network consisting of: matrix (ground), target in the matrix and sensor having TX coil and RX coil. The diagram is in principle imperfect because it is TWO PORT with only one output signal. To determine the spectral characteristic H(f) of target, we need two signals, shown in diagram as output function Y (f) and input function X (f) in the frequency domain. In the time domain the port functions are y(t) and x(t).

    The aim of this article is an initial knowledge:
    - What signals delivers now and must deliver the future EMI sensor for RX,
    - Analysis of the shortcomings of the shown twoport network,
    - Analysis of how to amend the advantages and disadvantages of one special case named "monocoil", when the same coil performs the roles of both TX and RX windings,
    - Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of expanding the number of TX coils and/or RX coils, for example GRADIOMETER, Differential sensor TWIN LOOP.
    - To draw conclusions and give advice on how should operate EMI sensors designed for hypersensitive and most informatve metal detector.

    Since the artcle should look like those in Wikipedia, let's start with

    Contents [hide]:

    1. Description of the displayed block diagram.
    2. Information objective of EMI sensor.
    3.
    4.
    ....
    Y. See also
    Z. External links
    I'll start writing the first section in a subsequent posting. Expect comments and suggestions.
    Attached Files

  • #2
    Draft 1.0.0

    Draft 1.0.0
    BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CONVENTIONAL SENSING NETWORK
    The block diagram [shown in previous posting] represents signal flow in conventional sensing network consisting of: matrix (ground, water, wall, body), a target inside the matrix and EMI (Electromagnetic induction) sensor formed by TX coil and RX coil. ATTENTION: The abbreviation EMI is used also for EM interference.
    The sensing network has several informational tasks:
    1. SEARCHING: Is there a target
    (discontinuity) in the matrix?

    2. IDENTIFYING: In frequency domain, the question is: "What is the spectral characteristics of target?" In time domain, the question is: "What is the impulse characteristics of target?"
    3. PINPOINTING: What is the shape of the target and its orientation? Where and how to dig?
    GLOSSARY:
    The term Matrix Discontinuity means changing the local EM properties of the matrix. This includes targets which can not be excavated: tunnel, cave, void, cavity.
    DESCRIPTION
    Block 1 represents excitating signal (TX current or magnetic field). NOTE: The derivative of TX current forces eddy currents in environment.
    Block 2 represents the transfer of energy through the mutual parameters of TX coil and RX coil: mutual inductance, mutual capacitance and mutual resistance. It generates signal named AIR.
    NOTE: Block 2 is valid as for case of sensors with two coils, but also for special case "Monocoil" where a single coil plays the role of TX and RX windings. In the Monocoil, mutual parameters M, C and R are maximal (k=1).
    Unfortunately, TX coil always act as RX coil, even if we do not want that. We will discuss this issue further, because it limits the ability of a metal detector in poor matrix.
    Block 3 represents the received signal in RX coil, which is EMV (Electromotive Voltage).
    NOTE: According to the Anglophone slang, this voltage is EMF "Electromotive force", but instead unit for force (Newtons) it is measured in Volts!.
    Blocks 4, 5 and 6 symbolize signal transfer through the target path. They generate signal TGT.
    Block 7 represents the signal transferred through the matrix in signal paths where no target.
    SPECIAL CASE: The shown block diagram is valid also for "Passive metal detector". In this case block 1 represents energy coming from antenna (aerial) of a radio station.

    HOW CONVENTIONAL EMI SENSING NETWORKS WORK
    To analyze the effects inside conventional SENSING NETWORK, let us simplify the block diagram, considering various special cases. As the following explanations may seem to some readers as an explanation for the idiots, they can not read them, but to go directly to experiments. The motto of these people is: "I hate to think, but I love to experiment". After experiments they should think more long time why results are so bad.

    A. Signal AIR
    If the sensor is far from earth and no Target in proximity, the sensor generates signal AIR.
    In this state, there are not blocks 4 - 7. RX coil receives energy only through block 2.
    Attached Files

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